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应用文(包括信签、便签、备忘录等)写作是全国硕士研究生入学考试从2005年新增加的考试形式,旨在考察考生准确和恰当运用英语语言的能力,符合中国英语语言教学的发展趋势和时代要求。 根据考试大纲的要赤诚,考生的作文必须很好地完成试题规定的任务。包括所有的要点;使用丰富的语法结构和词汇;语言自然流畅,语法错误较少;有效地采用了多种衔接的手法,文字连贯,层次清晰;格式与语域恰当贴切。对目标读者完全产生预期的效果。(指在书面和口头表达中根据不同的交际对象,所采用的话语方式,即正式、一般、非正式的话语等)。 书信和信件是交往中常用的方式,也是考试中应该准备的学习内容。先将写信应该注意的问题作一个简单的说明。先将写书信应该注意的问题作一个简单的说明。 一:信头(Heading) 指发信人的单位名称、地址、发信日期。考试时候不要求写出。 格式:从信纸的上部中央往右写,第一行写单位名称,第三行写门牌号码、街名,第三行写市名、省名、国名,第四行写发信日期。学生写信时第一行写班级名称,第二行写学校名称,第三行写市、省名,第五行写国家名称,第六行写发信日期。国内信件国名可以不写。 二:信内地址(Inside Address) 指收信人的姓名、单位和地址。考试时候不要求写出。 格式:信头下隔一二行,从左边开始写,第一行写姓名、头衔,第二行写单位名称,第三行写门牌号及路名,第四行写市名、省名及邮政号码,第五行写国名。 商业往来信件及公函必须写信头和地址。亲友、熟人之间的信可不写信内地址,信头处写发信日期就行了。 三:称呼(Salutation) 格式:信内地址下隔一二行写称呼,其左要与信内地址第一行对齐。对不相识的男子,单数常用 “Sir”, “Dear Sir”, 或 “My Dear Sir”;复数常用 “Dear Sirs” 或“Gentlemen”。 对女子,单数常用 “Madam”,“Dear Madam”或“My Dear Madam”;复数常用“Mesdames”或 “My Dear Mesdames”;对比较熟识的男子,普通称 “Dear Mr. ……”; 女性通常称“Dear Mrs. (或Miss)……”。熟人和亲人常直呼其名,不用姓氏(以 “Dear”为例):1)“Dear David”;2)“My dear David”;3)“My David” 4)“My dearest David”;5)“My Dearest”;6)“Darling David”;7)“My Darling”;8)“My very own darling”等。有头衔的可把头衔写放在名字前,如“Prof Wang”, “Dr Lin”等。 四:正文(Body of Letter) 格式:称呼下面隔两行开始写正文。每段第一个字母要缩进3至5个字母的空格。正文是信的主要部分,内容要简单明了,一般不用同汉语信一样的“你好(how are you?)”之类的词。 五:结束语(Complimentary Close) 结束语是写信人对收信人的谦称,写在正文下面二三行处,从中间写起,第一个词不达意的开头字母要大写,末尾用逗号。给不相识的人可用: “Yours truly”或“Truly yours” “Yours faithfully”或“Faithfully yours” “Yours Sincerely”或“Sincerely yours” 给上级或长者可用: “Yours respectfully” 或 “Respectfully yours” “Yours obediently”或 “Obediently yours” “Yours”, “Yours ever”, “Ever yours”, “Yours as ever”或 “Yours sincerely” 给亲属或挚友的信可用: “Yours affectionately”, “Lovingly Yours”, “Your loving son(child, sister…)”, 或”Yours devoted friend”等。结束语末尾要用逗号。 六:签名(Signature) 即写信人署名。一般情况下,把本人姓名签在结束语之下。考试时候统一写为“Li Ming”。 9月12日 短文指导 Yesterday you failed to turn up for the appointment with your teacher, Professor Wang. Write him a note to 1) express your apology; 2) make a request for another appointment; 3) and also suggest a time for the requested appointment. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points) 范文译文 Dear Prof. Wang, I write this note to express my great apology to your as I failed to turn up for the appointment with you yesterday afternoon. To be frank, I did remember to meet you at your office when my father suddenly had a stomachache and I had to send him to a nearby hospital. Then I gave you a phone to call off the meeting but the line was busy. I intend to arrange another appointment if it takes no further trouble for you. I am wondering if it is convenient for us to meet next Monday morning. I am expecting an early reply from you. Sincerely yours, Li Ming (106 words) 星期四下午我失约了。我写这封信的目的是为了表达我的歉意。我没有忘记,但是当时我父亲突然腹痛,我只能送他去医院。给您打电话,您的电话又占线。如果您方便我想下周一早上再与您见面。敬请回复。 思路启迪 凡是细心比较一下中文和英文篇章结构的人,不难发现,英文中心主旨表达的开门见山。书信或便条的写作也应该注意这一点。篇章开头直接表明书信的目的、作者的态度和观点、篇章的主题。写好主题句不仅要表达作者的态度,还需根据内容和字数等要求,对题目的范围进行控制和确定。 就主题句而言,一方面它应该具有概括性,这样才能达到主题句应该具有的功能;另一方面要有具体的、标明主题导向的关键词语,这样下面的发展句才能顺利的展开。本单元的主题句开门见山的表明了写作的目的是为了表达歉意,点出了“约会”这一主题。 此外,主题句要显得自然,在篇章中起到背景引导的作用。建议读者认真研读和分析本书中各篇应用文首句的构思,并加以效仿。 9月13日 短文指导 You have got a ticket to a computer fair, but you now find that you are unable to go. Write a note to your friend, George, 1) introducing the fair briefly; 2) explaining why you are sending the enclosed ticket to him; 3) and telling him briefly how to get there. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points) 范文译文 Dear George, I’ve got a ticket for a computer fair, but now I find I’m unable to go because of some unexpected businesses. I’ve learned there are a lot of updated anti-virus programs and newly-developed models on show, and a cyber-head like you would not miss the opportunity for anything. I can’t go because I’m going to meet with an important client, so I send the enclosed ticket to you. It is very convenient for you to get there this Friday afternoon. You may go by taxi or take the No 12 bus, and you can’t miss it. Please let me know when you have received the ticket. Hope you will have a nice time. Sincerely yours, Li Ming (109 words) 我有一张计算机展销会的入场券,但是突然有事去不了。展销会上有许多升级计算机放毒软件和新开发的机型。任何电脑迷都不会错过这个机会的。我要去见一个重要的客户,现在把入场券给你随信寄来。你周五下午去那里很方便,打车或乘坐12路公共汽车就可以了。收到信后告之我。祝你愉快。 思路启迪 段落中的各个句子必须围绕一个主题(一个内容)展开;短文中的各个层次则围绕短文的主题,从不同侧面深入阐述。 保证句子的统一性和连贯性是组词的基本要求。句子的统一性和连贯性是相辅相成的,最简单的解释是,意思完整,主次分明,前后连贯。从语义上看,句子各部分应该是紧密联系在一起,表达一个完整的意思;从语法角度来看,正确的句子应该是结构严谨,关系一致,语序正确;从修辞角度来年,好的句子应该是中心突出,逻辑性强,准确简练。如果一个句子表达的意思不完整,主次关系不明确,逻辑关系混乱,那么这个句子的统一性和连贯性就遭到了破坏,句子就有语病,读者也就无法了解作者的本意。 所谓一致性就是说,一段文章必须讨论一个中心思想,服务于一个目的。根据一致性的原则,文章中所有的细节都要与主题句直接有关,要有利于说明中心思想。任何与主题无关,或者说服力不强的内容,都必须舍弃,否则会使读者迷惑不解,而有损于作者意图的表达。 应用文写作同样必须注意文章的一致性的原则。在展开时必须牢牢把握好提示的要点,才能达到写作的要求。 9月14日 短文指导 You’ve learned that your friend Jimmy is ill these days. Write him a note 1) expressing your concern; 2) asking after his health; 3) and giving your best wishes. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points) 范文译文 Dear Jimmy, I’m so sorry to hear that you have been ill these days. Because recently I’m up to my ears with my preparation for the final English test, I haven’t heard anything about you until yesterday. I became very worried when I heard that you had again caught a terrible flu. So I am writing to you and would like to know how you are now. I think you should take a complete physical checkup and find out the real trouble it the illness persists. My help will be available as my aunt is a doctor. Please let me know if you need any help. Wish you good health. Sincerely yours, Li Ming (109 words) 当Bob告诉我你这久生病时,我相当的难过。因为最近一直忙于英语期末考试,昨天才听说你的情况。听说你又患感冒,我很担心,随即马上给你写信问你的情况。如果病情仍不好转,我建议你去做一个体检。我婶婶是医生,可能帮上忙。请告诉我。祝你健康。 思路启迪 就应用文的写作而言,根据考试大纲的要求,考生所写篇章在格式与语域方面必须恰当贴切。对目标读者完全会产生预期的效果。指在书面和口头表达中根据不同的交际对象,所采用的话语方式,即正式、一般、非正式的话语等。 考生在平时准备或考试时应该注意的重要方面有: 一:正式语体(书卷语)、一般语体(共核)、非正式语体(口语体)在词汇层次、短语层次、句型层次和篇章层次都有区别。本书将在第四章进行简要的归纳和总结,以帮考生养成使用语言时注意所使用语言的贴切性。 二:正式语体词的使用范围较窄,而且一般只在书面语中出现,若出现在口语中,则有讽刺、调侃或幽默的语用效果。考研英语写作部分的Part B节考生需要按照正式或共核语体写作。英语语体意义高的词汇一般都比较长,我们随后将在第四章讨论这一点。 三:中性语体成分的使用范围比较广:既可以出现在正式语体中,也可以出现在一般介绍或叙述性语篇中,还可能出现在口语中。就这一类词汇的特点,英语的中性语体和口语、俚语等词汇一般都比较短小,尤其是后者,因为短,使用起来才方便,长了拗口。 四:考生在写作应用文时必须判断篇章的接受者与自己的亲密程度、接受者的身份高低、交际场合的正式程度、自己作为作者的身份等。综合考虑之后,再做出文体的判断。之后在选择恰当贴切的篇章组织、句型、词汇等。这样才能达到大纲的要求,取得较好的分数。
邀请信 邀请信包括宴会、舞会、晚餐、聚会、婚礼等各种邀请信件,形式上大体分为两种:一种为正规的格式(formal correspondence),亦称请柬;一种是非正式格式(informal correspondence),即一般的邀请信。邀请信是在形式上不如请柬那样正规,但也是很考究。书写时应注意: 邀请信一定要将邀请的时间(年、月、日、钟点)、地点、场合写清楚,不能使接信人存在任何疑虑。例如:“I’d like you and Bob to come to Luncheon next Friday.”这句话中所指的是哪个星期五并不明确,所以应加上具体日期,“I’d like you and Bob to come to luncheon next Friday, May 5th.” 1.邀请朋友共进午餐Inviting a friend to an informal luncheon Dear [Zhang Ying], Will you come to a luncheon on [Friday, May 5th], at [twelve o’clock]? My niece [Mary] is visiting us and I think you will enjoy meeting her. She is a charming, very pretty girl… and very good company! [John and Jane] will be here too, and perhaps we can [give a dance] after luncheon. Do say you’ll come! Affectionately yours, Li Ming 亲爱的[张营]: 您能在[5月5日星期五中午12点钟]来吃午饭吗? 我侄女[玛丽]正在我们家作客,我想您会乐于见到她的。她是个漂亮而聪明的女孩子,……同她在一起是很使人高兴的![约翰和简]也到这里来,也许在饭后我们能[开个舞会],说好,一定得来呀! 9月16日 2.邀请朋友同他们不认识的人一起共进晚餐Inviting friends to a supper with strangers Dear [Susan], I know you are interested in [oil painting], so I’m sure you’ll be interested in [Mr. And Mrs. Lin Dun]! They are coming here to have supper [next Sunday night, October the twelfth], and we’d like you and [Walter] to come, too. [Mr. And Mrs. Lin Dun] are a very charming couple we met in [London] last summer. They have a wonderful collection of [oil paintings of various stages]; and I understand that Mr. Lin Dun is quite an authority on [oil] painting]. I’m sure you and Walter will thoroughly enjoy the evening and their company. We’re planning a supper for 6:00 pm; that will give us a nice long evening to talk. If I don’t hear from you before then, I’ll be expecting you on the [twelfth]! Affectionately yours, Li Ming 亲爱的[苏珊]: 我知道您对[油画]是有兴趣的,所以我相信您对林顿夫妇也会感兴趣。他们将在[10月12日(下星期日)]来吃饭,我们很希望您和瓦尔特也能同来。 [林顿夫妇]是那么好的一对夫妻。我们是去年夏天在[伦敦]认识的。他们集有[各个不同时期精美的油画作品]。我知道,林顿先生在研究[油画]方面是颇有权威的。我深信,那天晚上您和瓦尔特同他们在一起,一定会很愉快。 我们准备在6点钟吃晚饭,这样就能有较长的时间闲谈。如果事前接不到您的回信,我就指望你们那天到来。 9月17日 3.邀请参加新厂开工典礼Invitation to an opening ceremony of a new factor Dear [Mr. Harrison], Our new factory will be commencing production on [April 10] and we should like to invite [you and your wife] to be present at a celebration to mark the occasion. As you will appreciate this an important milestone for this organization, and is the result of continued demand for our products, both at home and overseas. We are inviting all those individuals and trust that you will pay us the compliments of accepting. Please confirm that you will be able to attend by advising us of your time—we can arrange for you to be met. All arrangements for your stay will, of course, be made by us at our expense.[overnight on April 10] Yours faithfully, 亲爱的[哈里森先生]: 本公司新厂将于[4月10日]开始投产,希望能邀请[贤伉丽]来参加新厂开工典礼。 如您所知,新厂的设立是本公司的一个里程碑,而这正是海内外对本公司产品不断需求的结果。我们邀请了所有对本公司的成功贡献一切力量的个人,我们相信,您一定会赏光。 如您确能参加,请来函告知您抵达的时间——以便我们为您安排会晤。当然,所有安排您在[10日晚间]夜宿的费用,皆将由公司代您支付。 9月18日 4.邀请来家中小住及周末聚会An invitation for a house and weekend party Dear[Jane], I hope [you and Fred] haven’t any plan for the weekend of [July twenty-fourth] as we’d like you to spend it with us at [Far Acres]. It’s simply beautiful here now, with everything in bloom! I think we can promise [Fred] some good fishing this year. The fish are biting better than ever! So bring your fishing clothes; and be sure to bring your tennis things, too, because [the Owens] are coming and I’m sure you’ll want to get out on the courts with them. There’s a very good train [Friday night]; I’ve marked it in red on the timetable. It gets you here about [seven-thirty] which is just in time for dinner. You can get a late train back [Sunday night], or there’s an early express that [Bob] usually takes on [Monday morning] We hope nothing will prevent you from coming, as we’re looking forward to your visit… and I know [the Owens] are looking forward to seeing you again, too. Be sure to let us know what train you are taking so that [Bob] can meet you at the station. Affectionately yours, 亲爱的[简]: 如果您[7月24日]没有什么活动安排,我希望[您和弗雷德]能同我们一起在[远庄园]共度周末,那里已经鲜花遍地,现正在最美丽的时节。 我想,今年我们能让[弗雷德]钓鱼钓得更快活。鱼儿比过去任何时候都爱上钓鱼。请把钓鱼的服装带来,也别忘记带上打网球的用具,因为我们还邀约了[欧文]夫妇,我想,你们是乐意同他们打网球的。 [星期五晚上]有一班舒适的火车,我已经在火车时刻表上做了红色记号,火车大约在[7点半钟]把你们送到这里,正是吃晚饭时间。[星期日晚上]你们可以乘晚车回来。或者,在[星期一早晨]也有一班快车,就是[鲍勃]常坐的那一班车。 我们希望没有什么事情会阻碍你们,我们在等待着你们光临……我知道[欧文夫妇]好盼再次见到你们。准备乘哪一班火车,请一定告诉我们,好让[鲍勃]到车站迎接你们。 9月19日 5.邀请参加招待会An invitation for a reception Dear [Mr. Smith], It would give [me/us] great pleasure to have your presence at a reception in honor of the Chinese delegation. The reception will be held in the [the City Hall], on [Tuesday, October the fourth]. Cocktails will be served promptly at [six] to be followed by dinner at [eight]. [i/We] sincerely hope you can attend. Let [me/us] know. Sincerely yours, 亲爱的[史密斯先生]: 如您能够出席为[中国代表团]而举行的招待会,[我(们)]将感到十分荣幸。 招待会定于[10月4日(星期二)]在[市政厅]举行。[6点钟]准时举行[鸡尾酒会],随之在[8点钟]举行[正式的晚宴]。 [我(们)]期等着您的光临。请提前通知您能否出席。
9月20日 6.邀请演讲Inviting someone to address a meeting Dear [Dr. Rodger], [The English Department of Nankai University] would like to extend to you an invitation to be our guest speaker at the [annual conference] to be held at the [meeting room] at [eight] o’clock, [Saturday morning, December the thirtieth, 1993]. As you know, the department is interested in [the 20th century English literature] Since you are familiar with the field, we know your views will be extremely interesting to us. You will receive further details later, but we would appreciate having your acceptance soon so we may complete our agenda. Cordially yours, 亲爱的[罗杰博士]: [南开大学外文系]特邀请您出席[1993年12月30日(星期六)早八点在(系会议室)]召开的[学术年会]并作演讲。 正如您所了解的,[南大外文系]对[20世纪的英国文学颇感兴趣]。您对此领域很熟悉,您的见解定会给我们带来很大的兴趣。 我们将随后把有关细节通知您,但恳请您尽快予以答复,以便作出安排。
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